Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory and the CSI Effect on Jurors Essay

The Maricopa County Attorney’s Office presented a study in 2005 in which it examined the impact of the so-called â€Å"CSI effect† to its jurors. The data was gathered by means of surveying prosecutors who had jury trial experience, and from there, the study assessed the samples’ perceptions as to whether the â€Å"CSI effect† had played a part in the decision of some juries. Interestingly, although the â€Å"CSI effect† may be deemed an unlikely factor, the study showed that the â€Å"CSI effect† is real and may affect jury behavior (Maricopa County Attorney’s Office, 2005). Television watching, as some media theories have discussed, can create a psychological impact to its viewers especially as it can inevitably serve as an educational source; however, the problem lies in what television can actually teach (Condry, 1989). The presence of the â€Å"CSI effect† in justice and legal systems can be deemed significant especially as to how this may affect the judgment of the members of the jury. The idea that certain television genres, especially along the lines of the highly popular crime drama Crime Scene Investigation (CSI), can affect certain trial outcomes may seem outrageous, but the â€Å"CSI effect† has been established as a ground that connects the real-life justice and legal systems and products of media and entertainment (Smith, Patry and Stinson, 2008; Stevens, 2008; Mardis, 2006). As the effectiveness of the justice system also relies on the effectiveness of its jurors, the impact of the media and entertainment products towards people in this context may be deemed problematic (Stevens, 2008). This is why it is important to evaluate the impact of the â€Å"CSI effect† because of its implications thereby highlighting the relationship between the law and mass communications. The term â€Å"CSI effect† is based on the popular television show Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) and other shows that present the following basic premise: the ability of an (fictional) authoritative group in crime and justice that can expose the truth based on their systematic and sophisticated processes. However, since these shows are made for televisions, it is inevitable that these processes are glamorized and may not be realistic at all. The â€Å"CSI effect† therefore pertains to the influence of such television programs to the perceptions and behavior of the people, especially in relation to the justice and legal systems (Smith, Patry and Stinson, 2008). Stevens (2008) further explains that the â€Å"CSI effect† is based on fictionalized accounts as to what forensic science can do but, due to the twisted conceptions of reality of some viewers, there is the inescapable belief that these components of the shows are something happens in real life. Among the media and communication theories that can serve as fundamental framework of this assessment is Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory. The theory suggests that information sources such as television contribute to the cultivation of the individual and the social environment; therefore, conceptions of reality are formed (Gerbner & Gross, 1976; Gerbner, 1998). This theory can then be based on the concept that stories, as projected, tends to reflect a certain extent of reality, therefore, they animate a society’s cultural environment. As Gerbner (1999, ix) explained the functions of stories, they â€Å"illuminate the all-important but invisible relationships and hidden dynamics of life†; as these stories represent a degree of shared beliefs, the cultivation of these tales and representations therefore create a significant input to the perceived reality of individuals. The Cultivation Theory is also further supported by several studies conducted by Gerber and his colleagues with a focus on the impact of television to real world perceptions. This brings an interesting premise as the projected reality is based on fictional work; the impact of the cultivation thereby leads to behavioral effects. Television shows, as Gerbner (1998) pointed out, are important marketing tools that have affected not only the people’s perceptions but also their identity and expectations from the society. The validity of television can be based on its function, being a source of information and spectacle representing the shared images and history across many societies (Gerbner, 1998). This paper therefore aims to evaluate the relationship of Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory with the â€Å"CSI effect†, especially as to how this has affected and may affect juror perceptions and judgments. This study addresses this thesis by conducting a review of a series of related literatures that are deemed integral to a better and cohesive understanding between this phenomenon and the theory of cultivation. The findings and implications discuss the degree of impact of the â€Å"CSI effect† and whether this is something that the justice system should seriously consider and devote effort to. Furthermore, approaches towards the Cultivation Theory are also addressed especially in terms of its applicability to the â€Å"CSI effect† and juror behavior. The study then concludes with an analysis on how the findings may actually help in the formulation of a more effective jury screening process. Review of Literature Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory, the Media, and the Television A series of studies conducted by Gerbner and his colleagues tackled the effect of the television and its contribution to the formation of reality among its viewers which are, interestingly, found to be similar to the world in these television shows. Functioning under the umbrella of the Cultivation Theory, the studies also initiated cultivation analyses and the identification of cultural indicators that were also deemed to contribute to reality- and perception-formation among television viewers. As Gerbner (1998) explained these processes, the activity was spawned from the previous examinations on how stories, in general, may be formed for the purpose of manufacturing and marketing purposes. Television is therefore seen as an important medium in story-telling, especially how technological innovations seem to have continuously supported the role of the television in the society. As Gerbner’s studies (1998, 1999; Gerbner & Gross, 1984; Gerbner, Gross, Morgan & Signorelli, 1984) have emphasized the role and importance of television, the origins of cultivation found its venue in this particular technology and social tool. This is because media messages can be easily accessed through television, therefore the cultivation of social reality may be based on what the media feeds its viewers. However, as Gerbner (1998) noted, although the television may be an important tool, it merely plays an integral aspect in the overall dynamics of information processes and conception-formation. This is to say that, for instance, a person may be a huge fan of CSI because of its entertainment value, but the same person is also well-aware that what he or she is appreciating is fiction and not necessarily real and factual. Hence, it can be gathered from the cultivation theory that although television plays an integral role, its effect is not absolute as people are continuously exposed to many channels of information and messages (Gerbner, 1998). The cultivation, on one hand, is seen to be more effective is the viewer is experiences a repeated exposure to particular television images (Gerbner & Gross, 1976). The definition of cultivation is thereby defined as â€Å"the independent contributions television viewing makes to viewer conceptions of social reality. The ‘cultivation differential’ is the margin of difference in conceptions of reality between light and heavy viewers in the same demographic sub-groups† (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan and Signorielli, 1994, 23). An analysis towards Gebner’s theory is presented by Hughes (1980) who presented some shortcomings in the studies presented by the former and his colleagues in the context of the effect of violence in television to the perceived reality. The initial cultivation theory studies conducted by Gerbner in the1970s generally made use of the following controls: age, sex and education. Hughes pointed out that there were more factors that could affect the responses of the sample that participated in the General Social Survey such as race and income. This shows that the applicability of the cultivation theory is limited; hence, how television content may cultivate certain conceptions among individuals may be more minimal impact than expected. One of the studies that applied the notion of cultivation theory is a study conducted by Shrum (1999) where the author measured attitude strength and attitude extremity as implications of Gerbner’s cultivation theory. Shrum’s initial approach to the study was to weigh in theories along the lines of Gerbner’s work and its critics such as those presented by Hughes (1980). Basically, the author agreed with the identified shortcomings of Gerbner’s work although the criticisms were mostly based on the process Gerbner and his team used. Shrum also pointed out that one of the probable weaknesses of Gerbner’s work was the identification of the two main categories of samples in addition to the previously identified controls of age, sex and education: participants who were heavy television viewers and those who were light television viewers. The main purpose of Shrum’s study was to evaluate the impact of television towards the attitudes demonstrated. Although Shrum showed that what could limit Gerbner’s work was the issue on the lack of efficient design, the author approached the study in a similar manner — by comparing the results between heavy and light viewers — as a means to identify differences. The categorization between the heavy and the light viewers would prove to be simplistic yet substantial in the author’s approach especially as the samples he used fell in the same demographic categories which were students. The study’s result showed that it reflected Gerbner’s cultivation theory; apparently, heavy television watchers were found to have the tendency to perceive a â€Å"television world† as compared to the light television watchers. The study examined students who watched soap operas, hence, from the results, the sampled heavy viewers were found to have the tendency to experience more distrust and possibly, more marital problems. Shrum (1999) utilized regression approaches and analyses in order to come up with this conclusion. A similar study can be also found in Quick’s (2009) assessment of variation among patient response as based on whether they watch the medical drama Grey’s Anatomy. The study found that patients who heavily watched the show are most likely to have positive associations in terms of their perceptions towards doctors. The perception, according to this study, is not necessarily based on the positive portrayal of the doctors but rather the show was seen as a credible reference to what happens in the hospitals and how doctors can be expected to behave in this space. Hence, despite the presence of both positive and negative portrayals of medical professionals, heavy viewers of this particular show count the courageous and compassionate aspects of the fictional characters, hence, the study found that these patient-viewers have a positive perception towards their physicians. Quick (2009) mentioned, however, that although this context does not necessarily provide harm, the problem is that the sensationalization of the show may further cultivate wrong or high expectations from patients. Quick (2009) further mentioned that the implications of such results can be used to communicate accurate depictions such as, in the case of Grey’s Anatomy, conveying important health-related information. In a sense, by using the fictional channel such as television, viewers are able to be more informed in important issues. This is discussed by Appel (2008) in which the television plays an integral role in just-world beliefs; as Appel mentioned, the cultivation of beliefs can be specially affective among those who heavily watch television. Appel (2008) supported this posit by conducting a comparison study between Austrian and German television viewers; the main purpose of this research was to determine the degree of just-world beliefs among television viewers. The study showed that fictional narratives can change the perceptions of the people, and interestingly, these narratives usually feature a world that is just. Basically, what can be attributed to this impact can be pointed at the content of the program. The effectiveness of these messages in the â€Å"television world† is due to the following factors: the stimulation of moral evaluation paired with the presence of resolution, and at the same time, the entertainment value of these programs (Appel, 2008). This is why, according to the author, heavy television viewers especially those who watch a lot of fictional narratives demonstrate a strong belief in a just-world as compared to viewers of infotainment and non-fiction where belief in the mean-world is seen to be more emphasized. From this, content evidently plays a role in the amount of influence to the viewers, but from this study, the fictional programs are seen to be a more effective venue in changing the beliefs of the viewers. When it comes to content, genre plays a very important role. An important point raised by Cohen and Weinmann (2000) is that the viewers themselves unconsciously â€Å"cultivate† themselves through television because the viewers choose which shows to watch. The selection can be based on many factors, from age, education, sex, personality and even life experiences. Since genres vary as based on content and certain plot norms, it can be gathered that social realities in these contexts also differ. Which is why, according to the authors, the view and representations on the world are not similar, and at the same time, these program contents may also present conflicting perspectives. Hence, in the aspect of cultivation, different attitudes and world-views can be formed; Shrum’s (1999) and Quick’s (2009) studies are only therefore applicable to the specific genres they focused on (soap operas and Grey’s Anatomy, respectively) and the results towards attitudes and viewer response may be different if the study evaluated viewer response towards different shows. Cultivation Theory and the Crime TV Genre When it comes to the cultivation impact in crime genres in television, Dominick (1973) examined Gerbner’s theory specifically his studies in cultivation when it comes to crime- or violence-related shows. Dominick mentioned that prior to Gerbner’s study published in 1972, there were already past studies as to the presence of crime-related shows as found on television. In fact, as the author mentioned, it was found that even in the majority of the television shows in the 1950s demonstrated many programs of this genre, and that law enforcers were already highly stereotyped. Dominick (1973) cited Gerbner’s previous study as a stepping stone to further analyze crime and violence on television; according to the author, Gerbner’s studies, which covered television shows in the later half of the 1960s, showed a significant amount of violence and crime on television yet, in reality, there was the noted decrease in violence among criminals but the law enforcers maintained a certain degree of violence. In reflection, Dominick noted that on television, the law enforcers were seen as the main authoritative figure that always saves the day. Hence, in agreeing with Gerbner’s study, Dominick’s analysis lead to further contribution as to the role of cultivation theory especially as to how the audiences are influenced on their stereotype perceptions, especially in crime- and violence-related shows. Stereotyping seems to be a common element in television crime shows especially as this genre play up certain norms when it comes to the supposed social reality of crime. What is interesting is that racial elements were found to be contributory to these portrayals. For instance, in a study by Dixon (2007), the author noted that responses from heavy television viewers of crime-related programs are most likely the ones to reflect a racial bias in the identification of the perpetrator and the police officer. This shows that even though fact-based programs such as the news present reality, as also adapted in fictional programs, there is the aspect of racialized portrayals. Hence, cultivation in this context has led to certain media imageries that have become a social reality based on the collective perception towards crime racial stereotypes. However, what challenges this is presented by a study conducted by Grabe and Drew (2007) in which the authors examined how crime in the media would actually successfully cultivate specific crime orientations. According to the authors, the study of crime in the media has been a prominent subject in studying cultivation. Grabe and Drew conducted a study among 505 selected adults located in Indiana, and from this, the study concluded that there was a significant variance depending on the many media genres and channels. Hence, the study showed that crime orientation among individuals may not be as strongly influenced by the media especially as viewers have different personal orientations that may affect their own worldviews. This is also reflected by a study executed by Diefenbach and West (2001) in which the authors tested the effect of cultivation theory when it comes to perceptions on violence and crime as seen on television. However, Diefenbach and West also showed results which point at the influence of light versus heavy viewers perceptions. The study showed that projections on crime rates are higher among heavy television viewers. On one hand, it should be also noted that in this study, as the authors pointed out, the samples were limited among the participants from a small North Carolina town with crime rates below the national average. The background of the participants can then be said to factor into perceptions, which is to say, for instance, that projections from samples from a small town may differ from those from the city who have a greater exposure to criminal incidences in their communities. Another variation of a study applying the cultivation theory in crime television is conducted by Heath and Petraitis (1987). According to the study, adapted perceptions projected from the â€Å"television world† were believed to be mostly realistic in distant settings and not in their immediate environment. The study concluded that the fear viewers feel towards crime are more apparent among viewers who see the possibility of such incidents in a distant urban setting rather than in their neighborhood. Basically, based on these applications of the cultivation theory in the crime genre, it can be observed that the varying results are due to the different impacts of many factors. It is evident that one of the crime genre norms is the utilization of stereotyped portrayals which, in the end, does lead the viewers to make certain conclusions thereby affecting their crime orientations. On one hand, other studies further look at the derivatives at the actual effect of crime television exposure among the viewers, and this shows that the cultivation theory is applicable only up to a certain extent. The validity of Gerbner’s cultivation theory still has to rely on the background of the viewers, the relevance of the show’s content to the viewers’ reality, and the amount of media exposure a viewer may have. Hence, it is possible that some viewers demonstrate a quintessential example or a manifestation of Gerbner’s cultivation theory, but as time went on and as can be seen in the more recent cited studies on audience response towards crime television, perceptions in this context are not homogenous. The impact of television towards perception and behavior can then be regarded on a case-to-case basis, especially as audience exposure is no longer limited to the offerings of television, in addition to the fact that there has been also the emergence of sub-genres among many other shows.

Analysis of Chapters 8 and 9 in Paradise of the Blind Essay

Write an analysis of how Chapters 8 and 9 explore the connection between culture, food and community The interdependent connection between culture, food and community is pivotal in the demonstration of the importance Vietnamese tradition in Paradise of the Blind. Chapters eight and nine focus on the importance of culture through family particularly evident in the way food acts as an expression of this culture. Food is also used to establish a sense of community, which is an important aspect in the Vietnamese culture. Food is presented as a direct reflection of a person’s wealth in Vietnamese culture. Limited in other forms of power, women like Aunt Tam can rely on materialistic objects, such as food, in order to display their wealth and earn respect. This is evident as one of the guests at the feast exclaims, â€Å"What a pleasure this evening has been. A sumptuous meal followed by such spellbinding stories. This is a blessing from heaven.† The use of words with strongly positive connotations, such as â€Å"sumptuous† and â€Å"spellbinding† displays the great degree of appreciation and thus importance that food has on Vietnamese culture. This idea is further emphasised with the reference to the Gods and ancestral beings through the use of the word â€Å"heaven†. Another example of food reflecting the idea of wealth is when another guest says, â€Å"A sticky rice flavoured with rose-apple juice! Why, it’s exquisite.† Aunt Tam responds to the compliment, â€Å"Oh please, will you stop it?† The use of the word â€Å"exquisite† again highlights the importance of food and its inherent effectiveness in delivering praise. The way in which Aunt Tam replies, almost rehearsed and clichà ©d, suggests that there was an unspoken expectation of praise and therefore respect in the original intention of the feast. The undeniable connection between food and wealth reflects the material-focused culture of Vietnam. Another idea that connects food to culture is the idea of the sacrifice, particularly in relation to food. Selflessness is a major part of Vietnamese culture and a certain amount of gratification can be achieved through sacrifice, which is shown in these chapters as sacrifice of food. Hang observes that Aunt Tam â€Å"ate almost nothing as if watching me gave her greater pleasure.† Aunt Tam’s sacrifice of her own wellbeing reflects the cultural idea that the strongest link between people is in family. Aunt Tam is willing, even happy to sacrifice her own well-being in order to cater for Hang. This idea of sacrifice can also be linked to the cultural idea of worship and fate, whereby it is believed those who perform good deeds in the present will be rewarded in the future. This idea of selflessness has evidently also affected Hang as she says â€Å"I played the part of the successful niece†¦ I smile dutifully at everyone. My lips stiffened into a permanent smile.† Although Hang is obviously uncomfortable, which can be seen through the use of words such as â€Å"dutifully† and â€Å"stiffened†, she continues to put on a faà §ade of happiness to please her Aunt. This reinforces the cultural idea of the strength of familial ties as well as the importance of sacrifice in solidifying these relationships. The practice of food preparation establishes a sense of community in the chapter. Food preparation appears to have a rehearsed, methodical quality which is evident in the line â€Å"The scene was lively but well-ordered as if all the feverish activity was directed by the iron hand of some invisible conductor.† The simile of the conductor draws a comparison of food preparation to an orchestra, thereby highlighting the importance of group collaboration. Furthermore, the juxtaposition of the â€Å"feverish activity† and its â€Å"well-ordered† nature suggests the idea of controlled chaos. Thus the great amount of activity that is required in the practice of food preparation can only be completed with the cooperation of each individual party. Finally, the unchanging nature of culture is shown to cause conflict within Hang’s character as she is caught in her desire to become a modern woman and her family’s strong links to cultural traditions. Hang describes the countryside as â€Å"Everywhere, an indescribable backwardness hung in the air, immaterial yet terrifyingly present: It would be like this for eternity.† This line suggests not only in restrictive nature of culture but also shows how difficult it is to shake culture. The use of the phrase â€Å"terrifyingly present† highlights the inescapable nature of tradition and the strong bond to which each individual in the book is tied to their traditions. The ideas of food, culture and community are explore in chapters eight and nine, particularly through the ideas of family relationships and its strong links to traditional Vietnamese culture.

Media s Ideal Body Image - 1804 Words

Media’s â€Å"Ideal Body Image† Magazines, commercials, social media, TV shows, movies, and runways, among other outlets, all contribute to constructing the ideal image of what a â€Å"perfect girl† is supposed to look like. But what exactly is perfection? How can someone possibly define such a dynamic characteristic? These portrayed images of â€Å"perfection† set out by media affect the self- esteem of teenage girls, crate cases of eating disorders, and often create cases of bullying. The media should eliminate the idea of â€Å"perfection†, and allow their audiences to witness the truth behind beauty. A teenager’s life revolves around media. According to a recent study conducted by Pew Research Center, this statement claims to stand true. â€Å"Aided by the†¦show more content†¦For years, media has been spoon-feeding girls with the idea that they can only be beautiful if they have a certain set of qualities. Qualities like healthy hair, clear skin, full lips, perky breasts, long legs, curvy hips, and oversized rears. What is behind the reason that so many teenage girls are unhappy with themselves? Why do many of these girls have a desire to fulfill the given stencil of a â€Å"perfect† girl? Because of the way American media defines and advertises beauty. As most people have noticed, most models and celebrities in the media share many physical characteristics, and many teenagers feel pressured to have bodies like they do in order to feel important. They believe that the bodies of these models are the most ideal bodies, since they are seen and admired everywhere and anywhere they look, and thus desire to resemble them. With these depicted images and the struggle that come with trying to imitate them comes issues. Issues like self-esteem, eating disorders, and even bullying. Teenage girls in our society are constantly entitled to act, look, and feel a certain way. The pressures that are placed on these girls, to meet a certain standard, often create a sense of failure when such standards aren’t met. â€Å"Self-esteem is a widely-used concept both in popular language and in psychology. It refers to an individual s sense of his or her value or worth, or the extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likesShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : The Media s Ideal Body Image1861 Words   |  8 PagesPeople are often exposed to the media s ideal body image, whether it s through magazines, television, toys (e.g. Barbie dolls), or social media, it is almost impossible to avoid it. There are numerous of people who desire to look the way the world defines beauty. And although this may not seem like so much of a bad thing, this can lead to hardships for many people. This type of influence has caused countless individuals to endure an eating disorder in order to get the body they wish to have. 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The influence of mass media may be related to the social comparison process of appearance in female and male. The ideal media body image, it is easy to compare in everyday life, and that will result to dissatisfaction with people s body size. On theRead MoreThe Advertising Of Diet Plans And Supplements Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesToday s society is constantly presented with misrepresentations of the ideal body image through the advertising of diet plans and supplements. Companies in the fitness industry scam people into buying useless products or services by advertising with individuals that have, what the mass media sees as, the perfect body composition. 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A major reason many people have a negative body image is because of the impact that media has had onRead MoreAnalysis Of Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs 1179 Words   |  5 Pagesand television are employed in their every day lives . From these new technologies, Americans can connect with the media and they are constantly attacked by the messages of the media. A superior message the media is depicting is ultra-thin as a refer ence point of beauty. Everyday an abundance of women are bombarded with the media s concept and interpretation of the flawless body. The photos being represented in popular magazines typically issued for women all over the country are impracticalRead MoreSocial Media Has a Negative Effect on Body Image and Self Esteem1202 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media has become one of the most popular sources of communication for the upcoming generation. For young people growing up in today’s society, social media outlets such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter have provided pictures and news that have become the first thing that their eyes see in the morning and the last thing that they see before bed. These pictures have provided unrealistic standards as to what is considered beautiful in today’s society. As young people refer to these images as aRead MoreTodays Unrealistic Body Expectations1311 Words   |  5 Pagesmeasures, most of the time, spending countless hours in the gym trying to achieve that perfect body. Body image is evident in the gym, as the men are lifting weights they are frequently looking in the mirror examining every angle of their body making sure no area is lacking muscle. On the other hand, women tend to partake in the same behavior as men, showing a sense of insecurity about their own bodies, frequently making trips to the scale to keep track of their weight making sure to stay slim and

The Writing Essay Cover Up

The Writing Essay Cover Up A few of the essays require that you describe what's happening and a number of them are about why it's happening. To begin with, you have to pick from your experiences. When you stick with your intended language from the beginning, you will produce the essay more consistent to the conventions of that language. Though your style might be unconventional, you've got to make the ideas simple for the reader to follow. Writing an effective introduction plays an extremely significant role in getting good grades. The prompt should require no more than the prior knowledge that's been emphasized in class instruction. Taking a look at the statistics of all of the secondary schools and tertiary institutions in Nigeria with the variety of students in every single school, it demonstrates that the entries continue to be very poor. Writing papers in college demands that you produce sophisticated, complex. The Death of Writing Essay You will be used and no question is going to be asked. There isn't anything wrong if you rely on it, but be sure that you consider the matter of plagiarism seriously. If you pick a challenging essay topic for a specific reason, or when you have zero choice and thegiven topic doesn't interest you much, do take the assistance of Professional Advisers. Second, you must offer an answer to that question. You ought to make sure that you're very interested in the topic before you may persuade others about it. In the event the topic isn't specified, please choose a topic you're comfortable with and straightforward. Your topic should additionally have a direction. Don't make the error of writing all of the info you know regarding a specific topic. An individual may order customized essays and papers by way of filling in the required form on its website. Becoming acquainted with writing and its different styles will help to make writing not such a challenging task later on. There are lots of innovative writing ideas you can find with by combining different stories. List everything you may think about it and earn a list. Whatever you present in your essay ought to be reasonable and based on the information which you have collected. Put simply, just what purpose do you want to express in your essay. When an essay was made personal, it would be an easier read. Each essay differs and has to be personalizedas per the subject. In an Analytical essay, the manner in which you use the information that you collect counts a considerably. Essay Types The very first thing you have to note is that there are different sorts of essays. Though cause and effect essays form another sort of essays, it may also be subdivided into four different types. There are various types of essays that are employed in the current century. 1 thing you ought to do in order to develop a great essay writing is to spell it right. Which is the reason why it is crucial to stress the simple fact that writing a great dissertation is extremely important. While writing an essay for the academic purpose you've got to revive your imagination in addition to do the necessary fieldwork. When considering various kinds of essays one has to be mindful that what the assignment is about.

The Virtue of Discrimination Essay - 1065 Words

The Virtue of Discrimination Discrimination is a word that has taken on a negative connotation in todays society. Since the beginning of the equal rights movement, the perceived meaning of the word discrimination has shifted from that of a useful virtue to one of an insulting, derogatory word. Robert Keith Miller wrote an essay for Newsweek in the summer of 1980 that focuses on the discrepancies in the use of the word discrimination. â€Å"Discrimination Is a Virtue† points out the differences in the dictionary’s definition of the word discrimination and the perceived societal definition of the word. Miller explains the confusion of the word discrimination with the words discriminate against and worries that discrimination may be†¦show more content†¦He seeks to eliminate the negative association with the word discrimination and writes the article in an attempt to illustrate the need for discrimination in society. Miller presents discrimination as â€Å"a virtue which we desperate ly need†(87). He uses the issue of â€Å"mainstreaming† in the school system to illustrate its’ lack of discrimination and similarly, our mental health systems perceived rush to return its’ patients to the â€Å"real world†(86). Miller also points out the irony of our societies ability to use good discrimination in our day to day lives but not as a group when making important governmental policies(86). These examples are used to illustrate the benefit of discrimination in our schools, mental health system and governmental policy making. He ultimately seeks to keep his readers open-minded, â€Å"but not so open-minded that our brains fall out† (87). â€Å"Discrimination Is a Virtue† uses a compare and contrast structured argument to illustrate the virtues of discrimination. Miller begins this argument by first defining discrimination as â€Å"the ability to tell differences† (86). He also uses the Oxford English Dictionary to define it as â€Å"discernment; the ability to perceive the truth, use good judgment and to profit accordingly† (86). This same Dictionary â€Å"traces this understanding of the word back to 1648 and demonstrates that for the next 300Show MoreRelatedThe Aspects Of Business Ethics1435 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of this semester, we have covers several aspects of business ethics. I will be covering Chapter 11, Diversity and Discrimination, to break down discrimination, equal opportunity, and affirmative action. I served in the military for 13 years, and there are regulations that pertain to these three topics. The Armed Forces is a very diverse organization, and all enti ties stress regulations and procedures when it comes to equal opportunity. During my time in the U.S. Army, I had leadersRead MoreThe Benefits Of Human Reproductive Cloning989 Words   |  4 Pages(Sanchez-Sweatman 2000). 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Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems free essay sample

?Many of us have become accustomed to electronic payment systems. These systems will continue to increase as businesses and banks present more opportunities to use them. Resource: Ch. 9 of Essentials of Management Information Systems Answer the following questions in 200 to 300 words: 1. Name and describe various categories of e-commerce. The three main categories of e-commerce are: †¢ Business-to-Consumer (B2C) electronic commerce involves retailing products and services to individual shoppers. BarnesandNoble. com, which sells books, software, and music to individual consumers, is an example of B2C e-commerce. †¢ Business-to-Business (B2B) electronic commerce involves sales of goods and services among businesses. ChemConnect’s Web site for buying and selling chemicals and plastics is an example of B2B e-commerce. †¢ Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) electronic commerce involves consumers selling directly to consumers. For example, eBay, the giant Web auction site, enables people to sell their goods to other consumers by auctioning their merchandise off to the highest bidder, or for a fixed price. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Craigslist is the most widely used platform used by consumers to buy from and sell directly to others. Each of which has special characteristics that depend on the value of order. Micro Payment (less than $ 10) that is mainly conducted in C2C and B2C e-commerce. Consumer Payment that has a value between $ 10 and $ 500. It is conducted mainly in B2C transactions. Business Payment that has the value more than $ 500. It is conducted mainly in B2B e-commerce. Three classes of typical electronic transactions: Tiny value transactions: below $1. Medium value transactions: between $ 1 and $ 1,000 Large value transactions: above $ 1,000. Systems that can support tiny value transactions have to trade-off between conveniences of transactions (the major part of a cost in an extremely cheap transaction) vs. the security or durability of transactions. On the other side of the amount range, large value transactions will require highly secure protocols whose implementations are costly: be on-line and/or carry traceability information. Finally, nearly all the system can perform medium value transactions. Another way of classifying electronic commerce transactions is by the platforms used in a transaction. Most e-commerce transactions took place using a personal computer connected to the Internet over wired networks, until recently. Now two wireless mobile alternatives, including smartphones and tablet computers, like iPads, and e-readers, such as Kindle using cellular networks, and smartphones and small tablet computers using Wi-Fi wireless networks. The use of handheld wireless devices for purchasing goods and services from any location is termed mobile commerce or m-commerce. Both business-to-business and business-to-consumer e-commerce transactions can take place using m-commerce technology. 2. Compare and contrast electronic payment systems. Which type do you use most often? Which type is most applicable for organizations you interact with regularly? Electronic payment systems can be classified into four categories: Online Credit Card Payment System: This payment system has been widely accepted by consumers and merchants throughout the world, and by far the most popular methods of payments especially in the retail markets. Credit card payment three basic categories: (1) payment using clean credit card details (2) payment using encrypted credit card details and (3) payment using third party verification. Online Electronic Cash System: Combines computerized convenience with security and privacy that improve on paper cash. Its versatility opens up a host of new markets and applications. E-cash is an electronic or digital form of value storage and value exchange that have limited convertibility into other forms of value and require intermediaries to convert. E-cash presents some characteristics like monetary value, storability and irretrievability, interoperability and security. Electronic Cheque System: The e-cheque method was created to work in much the same way as conventional paper cheque. An account holder will issue an electronic document that contains the name of the financial institution, the payer’s account number, the name of payee and amount of cheque. Most of the information is in uncoded form. Like a paper cheques echeques also bear the digital equivalent of signature: a computed number that authenticates the cheque from the owner of the account. The process of electronic chequing system steps: Step 1: a purchaser fills a purchase order form, attaches a payment advice (electronic cheque), signs it with his private key (using his signature hardware), attaches his public key certificate, encrypts it using his private key and sends it to the vendor. Step 2: the vendor decrypts the information using his private key, checks the purchaser’s certificates, signature and cheque, attaches his deposit slip, and endorses the deposit attaching his public key certificates. This is encrypted and sent to his bank. Step 3: the vendor’s bank checks the signatures and certificates and sends the cheque for clearance. The banks and clearing houses normally have a private secure data network. Step 4: when the cheque is cleared, the amount is credited to the vendor’s account and a credit advice is sent to him. Step 5: the purchaser gets a consolidated debit advice periodically. Smart Cards based Electronic Payment System: are essentially credit card sized plastic cards with the memory chips and in some cases, with microprocessors embedded in them so as to serve as storage devices for much greater information than credit cards34 with inbuilt transaction processing capability. Some systems are quite similar, and differ only in some minor details. All these systems have ability or potential to displace cash and widely different technical specifications make it difficult to choose an appropriate payment system. The only electronic payment system I use these days is the Online Credit Card Payment System. Before debit cards I did use the Electronic Cheque System quite a bit to pay bills over the phone. Each payment system has its advantages and disadvantages for the customers and merchants. I don’t keep a checkbook anymore though, just my debit card. These payment systems have numbers of requirements; such as security, acceptability, convenience, cost, anonymity, control, and traceability. Therefore, instead of focusing on the technological specifications of various electronic payment systems, the researchers have distinguished electronic payment systems based on what is being transmitted over the network; and analyze the difference of each electronic payment system by evaluating their requirements, characteristics and assess the applicability of each system. 3. Explain how Internet technology supports business-to-business e-commerce. As payment is an integral part of mercantile process, electronic payment system is an integral part of e-commerce. The emergence of e-commerce has created new financial needs that in many cases cannot be effectively fulfilled by traditional payment systems. One of the technological innovations in banking, finance and commerce is the Electronic Payments. Electronic Payments (epayments) refers to the technological breakthrough that enables us to perform financial transactions electronically, thus avoiding long lines and other hassles. Electronic Payments provides greater freedom to individuals in paying their taxes, licenses, fees, fines and purchases at unconventional locations and at whichever time of the day, 365 days of the year.

Three Dancing Goats Essay Example

Three Dancing Goats Essay The Three Dancing Goats fTT^HIS evening I am going to tell you the JL tale of the three dancing goats, began Baba Trinco as he squatted on the floor and greeted us with his broad smile. Once upon a time it happened that a hardworking young peasant was lucky enough to possess three dancing goats. He was lucky because they brought him all he desired a little comfort for his widowed mother, and a pretty wife. He and his mother lived in a little bamboo hut and had a small plot of grazing land. Their entire wealth consisted of a couple of cows. When a year of drought came they were in great rouble, so that one morning the widowed mother with tears in her eyes said to her son: Sindhu, we shall have to get rid of the two cows. So go to the market-town and sell them/ The thought of selling the cows they loved so much distressed the boy. It was a pity that they had not enough fodder; but what could they do? So Sindhu set out with the two cows and The Three Dancing Goats said to himself that he was not going to sell them to a butcher and that he would beg their purchaser to take great care of them. Before coming to the market town he met an old woman who was also going to market to ell her three goats. Both Sindhu and the woman rested under a tree and both plucked leaves from it to feed their pets. The old woman looked at the boy compassionately as he was feeding the cows, and said: Tell me, my lad, what is troubling you I know it is not a good time for the peasants/ What can I do? I have to sell the two cows we love so much/ murmured Sindhu. The old woman asked him all sorts of questions and at last came close and said : My dear lad, I like you and admire your love for your cows. Let me have them and I promise they shall be well cared for. You take my three goats/ We will write a custom essay sample on Three Dancing Goats specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Three Dancing Goats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Three Dancing Goats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nonsense/ replied Sindhu. What can we do with your goats, my dear woman? We must have grain for our own meals, and how can I feed your goats? But these goats are much better than money, and they will some day bring fortune to you/ the old woman said in a solemn voice. 24 The Three Dancing Goats Then she drew a little bamboo flute from her willow basket and began to play. Would you believe it? The three goats began to dance to the tune ! They were lovely goats from the Himalayan region, quite different from the ones we see in the plains. They had long hair, long flapping ears and round noses. The old woman called them Chdpu. 44 Sindhu was greatly amused at the performance of the dancing goats, and he believed what the old woman said about them. They might not bring him a fortune, but he would certainly be able to earn a few pennies every day by entertaining the village folk. Thus he argued in his own mind and accepted the offer. Be content with what you have got, my son/ the old woman said gently; here is the flute and there are my beloved goats. God bless you all/ Then she took Sindhus two cows and went her way. And Sindhu? Wasnt he pleased with the bargain! He played the flute and the goats danced to the tune. Joyfully he made his way along the path across the meadow in order to reach home as quickly as he could. But when his mother saw what he had brought back, she was unhappy. Sindhu played the flute and the three goats danced as merrily The Three Dancing Goats as ever, but it only made her sad. She thought her son had been cheated by the wicked marketfolk or perhaps he had lost his senses. Are you sure you have not been cheated, my son? she cried. We have hardly enough food to keep ourselves from starvation. What will you do with these silly goats? Dont be afraid, Mother, implored Sindhu. 1 am neither mad nor light-headed. The dear old woman who exchanged these wonderful goats for our cows told me that they would some day bring us luck. And I believe her. If they do not bring in a few pennies for our livelihood, they will certainly fetch a handsome price from our landlord. Now Sindhus landlord lived close to the village. His d aughter, a girl of great beauty, soon heard of the dancing goats and wanted her father to summon the peasant for her entertainment. So one day Sindhu took his flute and goats and went to the landowners house. He played his flute as well as he possibly could and the three dancing goats danced as merrily as ever. Their lovely long ears flapped in rhythm and the movements of their limbs were very graceful. It was an enchanting performance. The landowners daughter offered to buy The Three Dancing Goats one of the goats and asked what price Sindhu wanted for it. It cannot be purchased with money, dear lady/ declared Sindhu, adding that if she really wanted one of his precious pets she would have to pay a visit to his widowed mother and take her a barrel of foodstuffs. For he lived and aboured for his mothers happiness and comfort. The girl was so eager to have a goat that she agreed to go to the peasants hut with a barrel of foodstuffs. Sindhu and his mother were very happy to welcome this beautiful daughter of their landlord in their humble cottage, and the girl was delighted to own a dancing goat. A few days later another summons came from the landowner, and Sindhu went with his flute a nd the two remaining goats. The girl came out and said : You see, dear lad, I have not been able to make my goat dance at all. I have had expert musicians from the Temple to play for him, but he wont dance. Our village soothsayer says the goat will never dance without a companion. Will you let me have another goat? Sindhu was delighted both for the sake of his mother and for himself; also he was enchanted by the beauty of the girl. The Three Dancing Goats * Of course, you can have another of my pets, but this time I would ask for that gold ring you wear, as well as a barrel of foodstuffs/ replied Sindhu very politely. The girl was pleased, and without hesitation took off her favourite ring and gave it to Sindhu. By the time he returned home a barrel of foodstuffs had reached his mother. But, again, after a few days, one of the girls maids brought a message from her, saying that her goats still refused to dance and no longer responded to the sound of music, so that she was very sad. Sindhu went to see her and took his third goat with him. She was on the doorstep of her house waiting for him. She said : What am I to do now? The village priest says that my goats will dance if you will give me the third goat; but I hate to ask you for it, as it is the only pet left to you/ My dear lady/ Sindhu said humbly, I would willingly part with my last goat if it would make you happy. But let me play my flute and see them dance once again/ So he played the flute and the three goats danced merrily to the tune. As soon as the music ceased, the girl exclaimed gleefully: * Now I know, my dear lad ! Now I see ! It 28 The Three Dancing Goats was the magic of the flute that made the goats dance ! Will you let me have the flute as well as the third goat? Sindhu looked at her for a moment and said : Yes, I will gladly give them to you, my charming lady; but now that you have discovered my secret, I would ask you to tell me the meaning of the three different coloured stones set in the old ring you gave me. When I know that secret I shall only ask for a barrel of foodstuffs in exchange for my last goat and my magic flute/ The girl was rather embarrassed, and hesitated for a little while. Can this peasant aspire to marry me? she wondered. Why is he curious to know the meaning of those three stones? Anyhow, I am not the girl to give up a thing once I have set my mind on it. I must have the goat and the flute/ So ran her thoughts. Yes/ she said in a whisper, I will tell you the meaning. There are three strange strands of hair hidden among my black silken tresses. One is pure white, the colour of a diamond; one is dark red, the colour of a ruby; and one is bright green, the colour of an emerald. So in my ring there are three stones of similar colours. But all this is secret, dear lad/ 29 The Three Dancing Goats I understand, beautiful lady/ said Sindhu. Here is my flute and there is my goat. I take my leave and hope you will now be happy with the three dancing goats/ Before he returned home a barrel of foodstuffs had reached his mother. But she was still very distressed. All this time they had lived on the foodstuffs Sindhu received in exchange or the goats, but what would happen to them when this supply of foodstuffs was finished? Sindhu had no such worry. He believed in the words of the old lady who had taken his cows in exchange for the goats. The three dancing goats would bring him luck. Meanwhile, Sindhu worked as a labourer on his landowners farm. He was happy because he could thus catch just a moments glimpse of the landowners dau ghter. Then one day it came to pass that the landowner announced his intention of finding a suitable bridegroom for his lovely daughter, and made it known that whoever could name three trands of hair hidden among her black silken tresses should have her for bride. It was a curious way of finding a bridegroom, wasnt it? Many young men from all parts of the 30 The Three Dancing Goats country came to try their luck, but not one of them could make the right guess. Sindhu had heard about this strange offer and wondered if he should take this opportunity of marrying the girl he loved so much. But would the landowner allow his daughter to be married to a peasant? Perhaps the girl herself would dislike being the wife of a poor farm labourer. These thoughts tormented and angered im. Poor Sindhu! But, one day as he was watching the dance of the three goats, his mind was made up. The thought of that old woman who had given him the goats awakened in him a strange hope of success. Presently he met a handsome but very gaily dressed young man on the village high road. Mlt; Whats the best way to go to the manorhouse? said he as he saw Sindhu passing by. Its a long way from here, far across the meadows. I will show you the way, sir, if you like/ Sindhu answered politely. As they were walking along, Sindhu muttered aloud to himself and sighed : Alas ! I am ust a poor peasant, otherwise I would certainly have won the hand of our landowners daughter. 3* The Three Dancing Goats M * What ! exclaimed the young man. What are you saying? Are you mad? No, sir, I am not mad. I happen to know the secret of those three strange strands of hair. But of what use is that to me? replied Sindhu. Tell me what they are, my good fellow, and I will reward you well, said the young man impatiently. Sindhu answered haltingly: You see, master, I cant tell you the secret unless I am brought into the presence of the girl. . . . How can I enter the house? The young man suggested that he woul d find a rich livery for Sindhu, who should enter the house as his servant. So they returned to the village, and the young man ordered a beautiful livery with a silk turban. And Sindhu looked very attractive in this gay attire. Once on the village high road, they found a conveyance, and within a short time arrived at the manor-house. The hall was crowded with a number of suitors, all trying to guess the riddle. The girl sat by her father on a raised platform. She was dressed simply; her beauty, grace and charm did not require the refinements of luxury.